What is a hybrid car and how does it work?

Types of hybrid cars

Full Hybrids (Full Hybrid)

Full hybrids can operate with the combustion engine alone, with the electric motor alone, or with a combination of both. This type of hybrid is very flexible and efficient in a variety of driving conditions. Full hybrids have a larger capacity battery that is recharged through regenerative braking and, in some cases, through a plug-in. This ability to operate in different modes maximises energy efficiency in different driving situations, from city traffic to motorway journeys.

Mild Hybrids (Mild Hybrid)

Mild hybrids cannot run on the electric motor alone. Instead, they use the electric motor to assist the combustion engine, improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. These vehicles have a lower voltage electric system that supplements the main engine, providing assistance at times of high energy demand, such as during acceleration. Although their impact on fuel efficiency is not as significant as that of full hybrids, mild hybrids offer a considerable improvement over conventional vehicles.

Plug-in hybrids (Plug-in Hybrid)

Plug-in hybrids have a larger battery that can be recharged by connecting it to an external electricity source. This allows the vehicle to run on electric power for longer distances before the combustion engine kicks in. Plug-in hybrids offer the flexibility to drive short distances entirely in electric mode, resulting in zero emissions during those journeys. In addition, by being able to recharge the battery via a household outlet or charging station, users can significantly reduce their petrol consumption and operating costs.

How does a hybrid car work?

Start-up and low speed

When starting and at low speeds, many hybrids can run solely on the electric motor. This is more efficient and reduces emissions compared to using the combustion engine. In urban traffic situations, where stops and starts are frequent, the electric motor allows for a smoother and quieter ride. The ability to operate in electric mode at low speeds not only improves fuel efficiency, but also contributes to cleaner and more environmentally friendly driving.

Acceleration

During acceleration, the combustion engine and electric motor can work together to provide more power. This not only improves performance, but also optimises fuel usage. The combination of the two engines provides a quick and powerful response, ideal for overtaking or merging on the highway. In addition, this synergy between the engines helps maintain energy efficiency, making the most of every drop of fuel and every charge of the battery.

Driving on the road

At constant speeds, such as on the motorway, the combustion engine is usually primarily responsible for propelling the car. However, the electric motor can still assist to improve fuel efficiency. During highway driving, the hybrid system can continuously adjust the balance between the combustion engine and the electric motor to maintain optimum efficiency. This ability to intelligently manage energy allows hybrids to deliver outstanding performance on long journeys, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

Regenerative braking

When the car decelerates or brakes, the electric motor acts as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy that is stored in the battery. This process, known as regenerative braking, helps to recharge the battery without the need to plug it in. Regenerative braking not only improves vehicle energy efficiency, but also reduces wear and tear on traditional brakes, extending their life and reducing maintenance costs. This technology is key to maximising the performance of hybrid cars and minimising their environmental impact.

Advantages of hybrid cars

Fuel efficiency

One of the main advantages of hybrid cars is their fuel efficiency. By combining an electric motor with an internal combustion engine, hybrids can get more kilometres per litre of petrol. This efficiency not only translates into lower operating costs for drivers, but also contributes to reducing oil demand and greenhouse gas emissions. In a context of growing concern about climate change, hybrid cars represent a viable and sustainable option for daily mobility.

Emission reductions

Hybrid cars emit fewer greenhouse gases and pollutants compared to traditional cars, making them a greener option. The ability to operate in electric mode for part of the driving time significantly reduces emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful pollutants. In addition, the reduced reliance on the internal combustion engine decreases the amount of fossil fuels needed, contributing to cleaner air and climate change mitigation.

Reduced dependence on fossil fuels

By using electricity to supplement petrol, hybrid cars help reduce dependence on oil and other fossil fuels. This reduced dependence not only has environmental, but also geopolitical and economic benefits. Diversification of energy sources used in transport contributes to greater energy security and can reduce fuel price volatility. Hybrid cars therefore represent an important step towards a more resilient and sustainable transport system.

Tax incentives and benefits

In many countries, governments offer tax incentives and other benefits for hybrid car owners, which can make these vehicles more affordable. These incentives can include tax exemptions, direct subsidies for the purchase of hybrid vehicles, and discounts on tolls and parking. By reducing upfront and operating costs, these incentives make the option of purchasing a hybrid car more attractive to a greater number of consumers, thereby accelerating the adoption of cleaner and more efficient technologies.

Disadvantages of hybrid cars

Initial cost

Hybrid cars typically have a higher initial cost than traditional petrol cars. However, this additional cost can be offset by fuel savings and tax incentives. Advanced technology and higher capacity batteries contribute to this higher initial cost, but also provide benefits in terms of efficiency and performance. For many consumers, the initial investment is balanced by the long-term savings and environmental benefits, making hybrid cars a financially and ecologically viable option.

Maintenance and repairs

Hybrid cars can have higher maintenance and repair costs due to their more complex technology. However, many car parts, such as brakes, can last longer due to regenerative braking technology. Hybrid systems require specialised technicians and specific parts, which can increase maintenance costs. However, less frequent repairs and more efficient use of mechanical components can balance these additional costs, offering a generally positive ownership experience.

Batteries

Hybrid car batteries can degrade over time and can be expensive to replace. However, many manufacturers offer extended warranties for the batteries in their hybrid vehicles. Battery degradation can affect vehicle performance and efficiency, but advances in battery technology and warranty policies help mitigate these problems. Hybrid car drivers should be informed about the maintenance and service life of their batteries to maximise efficiency and minimise long-term costs.

Future of hybrid cars

The future of hybrid cars looks promising. With growing concern for the environment and the search for sustainable alternatives to oil, we are likely to see further advances in hybrid technology. Moreover, with continued improvements in battery efficiency and cost reductions, hybrid cars could become even more accessible and popular in the coming years. Advances in charging infrastructure and favourable government policies will also play a crucial role in the mass adoption of hybrid vehicles. The integration of technologies such as autonomous driving and advanced energy management systems can further transform the automotive landscape, positioning hybrid cars as a key solution in future mobility.